In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the Court invalidated a federal law that barred inequality by private actors. Prior to that case, blacks and white-hots had dined in the same restaurants, stayed in the same hotels, and sat in the same places on human beings transit, albeit in separate clusters. Afterwards, they would not do so over again for 75 years, at least in the South, where railroads, restaurants, hotels, schools, and other prevalent accommodations were segregated by race. Southern whites even disenfranchised African-American voters in spite of the fifteenth amendment.
Southern whites enacted the laws in chemical reaction to the South's changing demographics. In rural atomic number 18as, wealthy white landowners exercised feudal-like rule over African-Americans even after the Civil War. But more freed slaves soon left the farms and created large African-American communities in urban aras, providing a greater opportunity for social mixing. To prevent that, white elites created a much more stricter system of control. The South remained perpetrate to white supremacy, only in a different guise. separationism had replaced slavery (White 24).
The federal government often aided this process. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the ism of separate but equal, declaring that states had the power to require the "separation [of races] in places where they are liable to be brought int
New York: William Morrow and Company, 1996.
Black self-esteem also suffered under Jim Crow, and that situation served as the basis for ending "separate but equal." In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court instal that separate educational facilities based on race were inherently unequal because of their effect on self-esteem. The Court relied heavily on psychologist Kenneth Clark, who conducted experiments on young children. Clark asked children to pick a doll, black or white. Most African-American children preferred the white doll, leading Clark to cogitate that segregation had fostered a feeling a self-hatred (Cose 71).
As one commentator wrote, "[o]nly the most remarkable African-American could suck in escaped psychological damage from knowledge of the captive post into which the race had been cast, for so long, by a white hostel dominant since Jamestown and Plymouth" (Wicker 76).
the Cafeteria?" New York: BasicBooks, 1997.
The South's unremitting hostility towards African-Americans prompted many to contribute the region and move to Northern cities. Those who migrated usually lived in urban ghettos, for a variety of reasons. Limited opportunities in education and furrow left them with few skills, and Northern racism, though not as virulent, still restricted the places where African-Americans could live. Harlem was the most notable ghetto, though at first blacks thrived in that area of New York City. However, by the 1930s, the natural depression and the sheer number of migrants led to deteriorating conditions there and elsewhere (White 69-70).
Stereotypes almost African-Americans persist, especially when it comes to crime. Whites have no problem believing that blacks are criminals (see the Charles Stuart and Susan Smith cases). Such a climate contributes to race-based violence, although that problem has decrease considerably. Stereotypes about blacks' aptitude continue to harm, especially in schools, where honors classes are the domai
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